RESUMO A estimativa do carbono armazenado nos ecossistemas florestais requer ferramentas precisas para prever a biomassa. Objetivou-se nesse estudo determinar a biomassa aérea individual de Prosopis affinis e sua distribuição por componente; desenvolver modelos alométricos para prever a biomassa, e estimar os fatores de expansão da biomassa (FEB) em florestas nativas de Entre Ríos (Argentina). Foram medidas variáveis dasométricas em 30 indivíduos de diferentes classes de diâmetro e determinada a biomassa aérea total e por componente (tronco, ramos com mais de 5 cm de diámetro, e ramos menores que 5 cm + folhas, flores e frutos) pelo método destrutivo. A seleção dos modelos com melhor ajuste foi feita de acordo com o coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2adj), o erro médio quadrático de predição, os Critérios de Informação de Akaike e Bayesiana e o Índice de Furnival. As variáveis área da copa, diâmetro à altura do peito e altura total são os melhores estimadores da biomassa aérea total e por componente de P. affinis. O modelo de variável única baseado no diâmetro basal tem uma capacidade preditiva elevada de biomassa aérea, resultando em uma ferramenta simples de grande praticidade. A FEB oscilou entre 2,28 e 4,90, sendo significativamente diferente entre as classes diamétricas. Os maiores valores corresponderam aos indivíduos com diâmetros de tronco maiores que 25 cm. Os modelos desenvolvidos neste trabalho apresentam elevada precisão (R2adj. ≥ 0,94) para a predição da biomassa aérea total de P. affinis, e podem ser aplicados na área de florestas nativas de Entre Ríos (Argentina).

ABSTRACT Estimation of carbon stored in forest ecosystems requires accurate biomass prediction tools. The objective of this study was to determine the individual aerial biomass of Prosopis affinis and its distribution by component, to develop allometric models for the estimation of biomass and to estimate biomass expansion factors (BEF) in native forests of Entre Ríos (Argentina). Dendrometric variables on 30 individuals of different diameter classes were measured. Values of total aerial biomass and component biomass (trunk, branches larger than 5 cm in diameter and branches smaller than 5 cm + leaves, flowers and fruits) were determined using the destructive method. Different models were developed, and the best models were selected according to the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj), mean squared prediction error, the Akaike information and Bayesian information criteria and the Furnival index. The variables crown area, diameter at breast height and total height were the best estimators of total aerial biomass and component biomass of P. affinis. The single-variable model based on the basal diameter has a very good predictive capacity for total aerial biomass, resulting in a simple model of great practicality. The BEF was significantly different among diameter classes, with mean values between 2.28 and 4.90. The highest values corresponded to individuals with trunk diameters larger than 25 cm. The models developed in this work present high precision (R2adj. ≥ 0.94) for the prediction of total aerial biomass of P. affinis and can be applied in the native forest area of the province of Entre Ríos (Argentina).

The aim was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of one commercial formulated glyphosate (potassium salt, 62%, 506 g e.a./L) on Lemna gibba in field trials and in controlled laboratory conditions. The field study was conducted in a lentic water body associated with an agro-environment (Entre Ríos, Argentina). We conducted a temporary analysis with observations at four moments according to the proximity of the date of herbicide application in the agricultural lot and the first rainfall event that caused runoff. The phytotoxicity was evaluated on the dry biomass of frond (BF) and total chlorophyll content (TCC). In the laboratory, eight treatments were tested according to different concentrations of glyphosate (0 to 15 mg/L). The phytotoxic effects were assessed on the growth rate (GR), TCC and root length. In field study, the significant inhibition of BF and TCC observed in the subsequent sampling to the rainfall event that caused runoff could not be associated with concentrations of glyphosate in the body of water. These effects may be aributed to runoff of others agrochemicals not analyzed. In the laboratory, a significant reduction of root length was detected, while no significant differences were observed in GR and TCC between treatments. The information generated contributes to the diagnosis of risk herbicide contamination in agroecosystems. The results obtained are not conclusive and show the need to deepen this type of studies, given the complexity of the agrochemicals research and their effects on the environment.

El objetivo fue evaluar la fitotoxicidad de un formulado comercial de glifosato (sal potásica al 62%, equivalente a 506 g p.a./L) sobre Lemna gibba, a campo y en laboratorio. El estudio a campo se desarrolló en un embalse asociado a un ambiente agrícola. Allí se realizó un análisis temporal, con observaciones en cuatro momentos en función de la proximidad a la fecha de aplicación del herbicida en el lote agrícola y al primer evento de precipitación que generó escurrimiento. La fitotoxicidad se evaluó sobre biomasa seca por fronde (BF) y contenido total de clorofila (CTC). Durante 15 días, en condiciones controladas se ensayaron 8 tratamientos con exposición a concentraciones de glifosato que variaron entre 0 y 15 mg/L. Se determinó el crecimiento poblacional, CTC y longitud de raíz. A campo, la inhibición significativa de BF y CTC registrada a posteriori del evento de precipitación no se pudo asociar a concentraciones de glifosato en el cuerpo de agua. Estos efectos podrían ser atribuidos al escurrimiento de otros agroquímicos que no fueron analizados. En laboratorio se verificó efecto fitotóxico sobre la longitud radical a partir de concentraciones de 0.2 mg/L. La información generada contribuye al diagnóstico de riesgo de contaminación por herbicidas en agroecosistemas. Los resultados obtenidos no son concluyentes e indican la necesidad de profundizar este tipo de estudios, dada la complejidad que reviste la investigación del efecto de agroquímicos en el ambiente.

Abstract Herbicides are potential sources of pollution; water being one of the most vulnerable components of the environment. Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. Currently, the information on its effect on water is insufficient, mainly because of the high costs of lab tests. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of the ELISA technique as a quick tool for monitoring water quality and to quantify the concentration of glyphosate through the technique of UHPLC-MS/MS. When ELISA positive values determined glyphosate, quantification by UHPLC-MS/MS technique is required to determine the exact concentration of glyphosate in the samples. The results suggest that the ELISA technique is feasible to be implemented in water monitoring programs, providing a screening method that allows detecting qualitatively the presence or absence of glyphosate.

Resumen Los herbicidas constituyen fuentes potenciales de contaminación, siendo el agua uno de los componentes del ambiente más vulnerables. El glifosato (N-fosfonometil glicina) es el herbicida más utilizado a escala mundial. Actualmente, la información referida a su efecto sobre el agua resulta insuficiente, dado fundamentalmente por los altos costos de los análisis de laboratorio. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar el empleo de la técnica de ELISA como una herramienta rápida para el monitoreo de la calidad de aguas y cuantificar la concentración de glifosato por medio de la técnica de UHPLC-MS/MS. Cuando la técnica de ELISA determina valores positivos de glifosato, se requiere la cuantificación mediante la técnica de UHPLC-MS/MS para determinar la concentración exacta de glifosato en dichas muestras. Los resultados sugieren que la técnica de ELISA es factible de ser implementada en programas de monitoreo de aguas, constituyendo un método exploratorio que permite detectar cualitativamente la presencia o ausencia de glifosato.